Q: Is the owner or real estate agent of a rental property obligated to paint the walls and fix leaks and leak damage before a tenant moves in?

A: The answer depends on two things: what was agreed to in writing, and whether you have already moved in. Those facts change your legal position considerably. Here are some thoughts on both issues.

First, a note on agents. Real estate agents who manage rentals act on behalf of the property owner. Legal obligations rest with the landlord. If an agent made promises on the landlord's behalf, those promises bind the landlord, but only if they are in writing.

No. 1: Painting the Walls

In most states, fresh paint is a cosmetic condition, not a legal requirement. If you saw the walls before signing and said nothing, you likely accepted them as-is. That is an expensive lesson many tenants learn once.

Some states and municipalities require landlords to repaint between tenants at specified intervals. Check your local housing code. And if the paint is peeling or the home was built before 1978, the situation changes. Federal law requires landlords to disclose known lead-based paint hazards before a lease is signed. Peeling lead paint is no longer cosmetic; it becomes a habitability concern. You can read the full disclosure requirements on the Environmental Protection Agency website.

No. 2: Fixing Leaks and Leak Damage

This is a different matter entirely. Nearly every state recognizes an implied warranty of habitability, a legal doctrine requiring landlords to deliver and maintain units in a livable condition. Active leaks and water damage fall squarely under this protection, regardless of what was or was not discussed.

Mold deserves special attention. If active leaks have created or are likely to create mold conditions, this moves beyond a repair dispute. Mold is a public health issue. Many states give tenants the right to withhold rent, hire a contractor and deduct the cost or terminate the lease. In serious cases, the local health department has independent authority to compel action, a move that landlords often respond to faster than a legal notice.

Your options, in order of priority:

— Get everything in writing before you sign. If the landlord agreed to fix leaks or repaint, that commitment belongs in the lease or a signed addendum. Oral promises are nearly impossible to enforce.

— Document conditions with dated photos. Whether pre- or post-move-in, a photographic record is your most important evidence. Do this immediately.

— Know your state's habitability remedies. Most states allow tenants to withhold rent, repair-and-deduct or terminate the lease when habitability is genuinely compromised. Procedures vary. Contact your state's tenant rights hotline before acting.

— Contact the local health department if mold is present or likely. Their inspection report carries weight that a tenant's complaint alone does not.

— Consult a landlord-tenant attorney. If the landlord is unresponsive and conditions are serious, an attorney's letter often moves things faster than any other step.

A final thought: A landlord is not obligated to repaint walls you accepted at viewing. A landlord is obligated to address active leaks, and if mold follows their neglect, the legal and financial exposure shifts heavily in your direction. The time to negotiate repairs is before you sign, not after.

Richard Montgomery is a syndicated columnist, published author, retired real estate executive, serial entrepreneur and the founder of DearMonty.com and PropBox, Inc. He provides consumers with options to real estate issues. Follow him on Twitter (X) @montgomRM or DearMonty.com.

Photo credit: Jon Sailer at Unsplash